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Community- and Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains: An Investigation Into Household Transmission, Risk Factors, and Environmental Contamination
- Wil Ng, Amna Faheem, Allison McGeer, Andrew E. Simor, Antonella Gelosia, Barbara M. Willey, Christine Watt, David C. Richardson, Henry Wong, Krystyna Ostrowska, Lee Vernich, Matthew P. Muller, Piraveina Gnanasuntharam, Vanessa Porter, Kevin Katz
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 38 / Issue 1 / January 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 November 2016, pp. 61-67
- Print publication:
- January 2017
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OBJECTIVE
To measure transmission frequencies and risk factors for household acquisition of community-associated and healthcare-associated (HA-) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
DESIGNProspective cohort study from October 4, 2008, through December 3, 2012.
SETTINGSeven acute care hospitals in or near Toronto, Canada.
PARTICIPANTSTotal of 99 MRSA-colonized or MRSA-infected case patients and 183 household contacts.
METHODSBaseline interviews were conducted, and surveillance cultures were collected monthly for 3 months from household members, pets, and 8 prespecified high-use environmental locations. Isolates underwent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing.
RESULTSOverall, of 183 household contacts 89 (49%) were MRSA colonized, with 56 (31%) detected at baseline. MRSA transmission from index case to contacts negative at baseline occurred in 27 (40%) of 68 followed-up households. Strains were identical within households. The transmission risk for HA-MRSA was 39% compared with 40% (P=.95) for community-associated MRSA. HA-MRSA index cases were more likely to be older and not practice infection control measures (P=.002–.03). Household acquisition risk factors included requiring assistance and sharing bath towels (P=.001–.03). Environmental contamination was identified in 78 (79%) of 99 households and was more common in HA-MRSA households.
CONCLUSIONHousehold transmission of community-associated and HA-MRSA strains was common and the difference in transmission risk was not statistically significant.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–7
Contributors
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- By Naila A. Ahmad, Dua M. Anderson, Jennifer Aunspaugh, Sabrina T. Bent, Adam Broussard, Staci Cameron, Rahul Dasgupta, Ravinder Devgun, Ofer N. Eytan, Sean H. Flack, Terry G. Fletcher, Charles James Fox, Mary Elise Fox, Scott Friedman, Louise K. Furukawa, Sonja Gennuso, Stanley M. Hall, Hani Hanna, Jacob Hummel, James E. Hunt, Ranu Jain, Joe R. Jansen, Deepa Kattail, Alan David Kaye, David J. Krodel, Gregory J. Latham, Sungeun Lee, Michael G. Levitzky, Alexander Y. Lin, Carl Lo, Hoa N. Luu, Camila Lyon, Kelly A. Machovec, Lizabeth D. Martin, Maria Matuszczak, Patrick S. McCarty, Brenda C. McClain, J. Grant McFadyen, Helen Nazareth, Dolores B. Njoku, Christina M. Pabelick, Shannon M. Peters, Amit Prabhakar, Michael Richards, Kasia Rubin, Joel A. Saltzman, Lisgelia Santana, Gabriel Sarah, Katherine Stammen, John Stork, Kim M. Strupp, Lalitha V. Sundararaman, Rosalie F. Tassone, Douglas R. Thompson, Nicole C. P. Thompson, Paul A. Tripi, Jacqueline L. Tutiven, Navyugjit Virk, Stacey Watt, B. Craig Weldon, Maria Zestus
- Edited by Alan David Kaye, Louisiana State University, Charles James Fox, Tulane University School of Medicine, Louisiana, James H. Diaz, Louisiana State University
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- Book:
- Essentials of Pediatric Anesthesiology
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 16 October 2014, pp ix-xii
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- By Ashraf Abdelhay, Ulrich Ammon, Angelelli Claudia V, David F. Armstrong, Peter Backhaus, Richard B. Baldauf Jr, Carol Benson, Richard D. Brecht, Stephen J. Caldas, Jasone Cenoz, Mary Carol Combs, Florian Coulmas, Helder De Schutter, Fernand de Varennes, Alexandre Duchêne, John Edwards, Gibson Ferguson, Ofelia García, Durk Gorter, Federica Guerini, Monica Heller, Gabrielle Hogan-Brun, Björn H. Jernudd, Kendall A. King, Verena Krausneker, Joseph Lo Bianco, Busi Makoni, Makoni Sinfree B, Pedzisai Mashiri, A. W. Teresa L. McCarty, Svitlana Melnyk, Jiří Nekvapil, Hoa Thi Mai Nguyen, Christina Bratt Paulston, Susan D. Penfield, Robert Phillipson, Meital Pinto, Adam Rambow, Denise Réaume, William P. Rivers, David Robichaud, Julia Sallabank, Bernard Spolsky, Stephen L. Walter, Jonathan M. Watt, Sherman Wilcox, Colin H. Williams, Sue Wright
- Edited by Bernard Spolsky, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 01 March 2012, pp xii-xiv
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. 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Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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17 - Sexual segregation in non-human primates
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- By David P. Watts, Department of Anthropology, Yale University
- Edited by Kathreen Ruckstuhl, University of Cambridge, Peter Neuhaus, University of Cambridge
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- Book:
- Sexual Segregation in Vertebrates
- Published online:
- 04 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 05 January 2006, pp 327-348
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Summary
OVERVIEW
Sexual segregation is fairly common in non-human primates, usually in the form of social segregation (Box 17.1). Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have fission-fusion social systems in which individuals form temporary subgroups (parties) within socially bounded communities; social segregation is not complete, but single-sex parties are common, and males are more gregarious than females and associate predominantly with each other. Some nocturnal lemurs (e.g. grey mouse lemurs, Microcebus murinus: Radespiel et al., 2001a, b) and bushbabies (Galago spp., Galagoides spp., Otolemur spp.) forage solitarily, but form sleeping associations that consist mostly of females. Macaques (Macaca spp.) form cohesive mixed-sex groups, but maturing males in some species spend time alone or in peripheral all-male groups before joining mixed-sex groups. Habitat segregation is rare, although males may use larger home ranges than females (e.g. orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus: Singleton & van Schaik, 2001; chimpanzees: Hasegawa, 1990) or expand their ranges during mating seasons (e.g. grey mouse lemurs: Eberle & Kappeler, 2002).
However, most diurnal primates, even those that breed seasonally, form stable, cohesive groups in which males and females associate permanently. Even when some males are socially peripheral (e.g. squirrel monkeys, Saimiri spp.; see later), females associate permanently with others. Stable female groups without permanently associated males are known only in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx; Abernethy et al., 2002).
8 - Seasonality in hunting by non-human primates
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- By John C. Mitani, Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109–1092 USA, David P. Watts, Department of Anthropology Yale University New Haven CT 06520–8277 USA
- Edited by Diane K. Brockman, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Carel P. van Schaik, Universität Zürich
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- Seasonality in Primates
- Published online:
- 10 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 17 November 2005, pp 215-242
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Summary
Introduction
Primates obtain most of their food from plants (Oates 1987), but some species are well known for their predatory behavior. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were the first non-human primates observed to hunt and eat meat in the wild (Goodall 1963). Subsequent field observations of baboons (Papio spp.) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) have shown them to be proficient hunters (Harding 1973, 1975; Strum 1975, 1981; Hausfater 1976; Fedigan 1990; Perry & Rose 1994; Rose 1997, 2001). Given seasonal variations in primate feeding patterns (see Chapter 3), it is not surprising that primate predators display temporal variation in their tendencies to hunt. Studies of primate hunting seasonality generate considerable ecological and ethological interest and take on additional significance because of their potential to shed light on the evolution of meat-eating by early hominids (see Chapters 17 and 19). Systematic attempts to describe seasonal variation in hunting activity by non-human primates and efforts to identify its causal factors, however, have not been made.
In this chapter, we provide an overview of seasonal variation in primate predatory behavior. We focus on chimpanzees, baboons, and capuchin monkeys, three species for which sufficient observations exist to make comparisons. We begin by reviewing data on temporal variation in hunting frequency and success by each species. We proceed to discuss the factors that appear to affect this variation. Here, we consider several ecological factors that have been hypothesized to affect temporal variation in hunting (Table 8.1).
11 - Great ape social systems
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- By Carel P. Van Schaik, Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, Durham, Signe Preuschoft, Living Links, Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, David P. Watts, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven
- Edited by Anne E. Russon, York University, Toronto, David R. Begun, University of Toronto
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- The Evolution of Thought
- Published online:
- 20 August 2009
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- 22 April 2004, pp 190-209
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive capacities may be more highly developed in most primates than among mammals in general (Tomasello & Call 1997), although other mammalian radiations such as cetaceans (e.g., Connor, Smolker & Richards 1992) and birds (e.g., Hunt 1996; Marler 1996) may have evolved similar capacities independently. Numerous studies have also suggested to some that great apes stand out among nonhuman primates in achieving more advanced cognitive abilities (e.g., Byrne 1995; Parker & Gibson 1990; Rumbaugh Savage-Rumbaugh & Washburn 1996; Russon, Bard & Parker 1996). Phenomena such as mirror self-recognition, imitation, pretend play, teaching, and manufacture and flexible use of tools have been cited as evidence that great apes, but not other nonhuman primates, have some form of self-concept, some ability to attribute mental states to others, and greater understanding of physical causality (Byrne 1995, 1997a; Byrne & Whiten 1997; Parker, Chapter 4, this volume; Russon 1997, Chapter 6, this volume; Russon & Bard 1996). Even skeptics note that great apes learn more rapidly than monkeys (Tomasello & Call 1997).
Our own recent meta-analysis of published studies on nonhuman primate cognition confirmed this assessment, that great apes are more intelligent than other nonhuman primates (Deaner et al. unpublished). It found that primate cognition is distinguished by some generalized capacity rather than a collection of narrow, problem- or domain-specific abilities, supporting the view that great apes constitute a homogeneous group that outranks other primates in cognitive performance.
12 - Gorilla social relationships: A comparative overview
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- By David P. Watts, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A.
- Edited by Andrea B. Taylor, Duke University, North Carolina, Michele L. Goldsmith, Tufts University, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Gorilla Biology
- Published online:
- 11 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 05 December 2002, pp 302-327
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Summary
Introduction
Research on mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Virunga Volcanoes region of Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo provides one of the best case studies of nonhuman primate behavior in the wild. Data on mountain gorilla ecology, life-history tactics, and social relationships, collected mainly at the Karisoke Research Center in Rwanda's Parc National des Volcans, have contributed prominently to the development of theory in primate socioecology (e.g., van Schaik, 1989; Sterck et al., 1997). For example, the association of female transfer with low levels of contest competition for food in mountain gorillas (Stewart and Harcourt, 1987; Watts, 1990a, 1994a, 1996, 1997) supports ideas on the ecology of female social relationships (van Schaik, 1989). Also, the influence of infanticide on transfer decisions (Watts, 1989, 1996) supports current ideas on male–female association and social relationships (Sterck et al., 1997). Important generalizations from the Virunga population seem to apply to other gorilla populations and subspecies, but we know that feeding ecology varies considerably across habitats and subspecies and face intriguing questions about variation in social organization and social relationships. However, while good comparative data on feeding ecology exist for eastern lowland gorillas (G. g. graueri; reviewed in Yamagiwa et al., 1996) and western lowland gorillas (G. g. gorilla; reviewed in Doran and McNeilage, 1998), we lack comparably detailed data on social behavior, demography, and life-history tactics.
18 - Hunting and meat sharing by chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
- Edited by Christophe Boesch, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie, Germany, Gottfried Hohmann, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie, Germany
- Linda Marchant, Miami University
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- Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos
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- 08 February 2010
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- 01 August 2002, pp 244-256
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in all well-studied wild populations hunt a variety of vertebrates and share meat extensively (reviews: Wrangham & Bergmann-Riss 1990; Uehara 1997; Stanford 1998). Meat is a highly valued resource and nutritional reasons presumably explain the origin of hunting, although its exact nutritional significance is unclear. Hunting and meat sharing also have considerable social importance. Two major similarities across chimpanzee populations are that red colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) are the primary prey species where the two species are sympatric (Goodall 1986; Boesch & Boesch 1989; Uehara 1997; Ihobe & Uehara 1999; Mitani & Watts 1999; Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000; Hosaka et al. 2001), and that predation rates vary over time (Mahale: Takahata et al. 1984; Uehara 1997; Hosaka et al. 2001; Gombe: Goodall 1986; Wrangham & Bergmann-Riss 1990; Stanford et al. 1994a; Stanford 1998; Ta: Boesch & Boesch 1989; Kahuzi-Biega: Basabose & Yamagiwa 1997; Kibale: Mitani & Watts 1999). Other aspects of hunting vary considerably across and sometimes within populations. In this chapter, we summarize data on hunting and meat sharing by chimpanzees at Ngogo, in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We focus mostly on hunts of red colobus, by far the most important prey species. We compare our data to those from other sites to highlight questions about hunting and meat sharing that are partly resolved and those that remain open. We summarize results of our earlier analyses of hunting and meat sharing at Ngogo (Mitani & Watts 1999, 2001; Watts & Mitani 2002), and use data collected more recently to update analyses of hunting success, cooperation, and the relationship of meat sharing to mating behavior.
7 - Ecological and social correlates of chimpanzee party size and composition
- Edited by Christophe Boesch, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie, Germany, Gottfried Hohmann, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie, Germany
- Linda Marchant, Miami University
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- Book:
- Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos
- Published online:
- 08 February 2010
- Print publication:
- 01 August 2002, pp 102-111
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INTRODUCTION
Why primates live in social groups and what factors account for variation in group size and composition have been two central questions in the study of primate behavioral ecology (Alexander 1974; Altmann 1974; Wrangham 1980; van Schaik 1983; Rodman 1988; Isbell 1994; Janson & Goldsmith 1995). Theory suggests that the relative costs and benefits of grouping will influence variations in group size and composition. Several factors, such as feeding competition, predation risk, and competition for mates, affect these costs and benefits for group members, but not necessarily equally (ibid.). For example, food generally limits female reproduction in most mammals (Trivers 1972; Bradbury & Vehrencamp 1977; Emlen & Oring 1977; Wrangham 1980; Clutton-Brock 1989), and feeding competition consequently affects females to a greater extent than males. Alternatively, females are the limiting source for reproduction by males (ibid.), and the availability of mates accordingly influences male behavior more than that of females.
The fission–fusion social system of chimpanzees provides a model system for investigating sources of variation in group size. Wild chimpanzees live in large, fluid unit-groups or communities, whose members form temporary parties that vary in size and composition (Nishida 1968; Sugiyama 1968; Halperin 1979; Boesch 1996). In keeping with predictions stemming from current theory, the availability of both food and estrous females have been implicated as important determinants of chimpanzee party size (Riss & Busse 1977; Wrangham & Smuts 1980; Ghiglieri 1984; Goodall 1986; Isabirye-Basuta 1988; Sakura 1994; Stanford et al. 1994; Chapman et al. 1995; Boesch 1996; Doran 1997; Matsumoto-Oda et al. 1998; Boesch & Boesch 2000; Wrangham 2000).
8 - Social relationships of female mountain gorillas
- Edited by Martha M. Robbins, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie, Germany, Pascale Sicotte, University of Calgary, Kelly J. Stewart, University of California, Davis
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- Mountain Gorillas
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- 16 March 2010
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- 19 July 2001, pp 215-240
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Introduction
Non-human primate socioecology and female social relationships
Female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)are large, long-lived, slowly reproducing mammals whose diet consists mostly of vegetation that is abundant, evenly distributed, and high in structural carbohydrates. These few characteristics do much to explain the mountain gorilla social system, which we can only understand by placing long-term data on known individuals in comparative context. Variation in primate social systems depends largely on variation in life history tactics, predation risk, feeding competition, and conflicts and convergence of reproductive interest between the sexes (Sterck et al., 1997; Kappeler, 1999a). Ecological factors are especially important to females, because they have slower maximum reproductive rates and higher parental investment than males (Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1977). Consequently, foraging efficiency is crucial for female reproductive success and feeding competition strongly influences female social relationships, whereas male reproductive success depends crucially on gaining access to fertile females (Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1977; Wrangham, 1980; van Schaik, 1989). The need to minimize predation risk is probably the main reason why females of most diurnal species live in social groups (van Schaik, 1983, 1989; Janson, 1992; Kappeler, 1999a). Variation in diet and in food distribution is the main source of variation in social relationships among females because it determines the predominant mode and intensity of feeding competition within and between groups. Male reproductive competition can also influence relationships between females, and has complicated effects on group size and composition, male-female relationships, and the costs and benefits of dispersal for females (Figure 8.1) (van Schaik, 1989, 1996; Sterck et al., 1997; Nunn, 1999).
2 - Comparative socio–ecology of gorillas
- Edited by William C. McGrew, Linda F. Marchant, Miami University, Toshisada Nishida, Kyoto University, Japan
- Foreword by Jane Goodall
- Afterword by Junichiro Itani
- Corporate Author Wenner-Gren Foundation
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- Great Ape Societies
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- 04 August 2010
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- 28 July 1996, pp 16-28
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INTRODUCTION
Great apes have remarkably diverse social systems. For example, only in gorillas do females live in stable, cohesive groups and associate permanently with males and do males show conditional dispersal. However, all apes show female dispersal from natal groups or home ranges and are nonfemale bonded (sensu Wrangham, 1980). Female African great apes transfer directly between groups or communities, behavior unusual in gregarious mammals (Greenwood, 1980; Pusey & Packer, 1987). These and other contrasts and similarities raise questions about variation in the costs and benefits of group living, of permanent malefemale association, and of dispersal and philopatry (Wrangham 1979, 1980, 1982, 1987; van Schaik, 1989).
Here, I review aspects of gorilla ecology, life history strategies and mating tactics, and social relationships, with a focus on the ecology of female social relationships and on female transfer. I mostly cover mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei, ‘MGs’ below), represented by the 10–20% of the Virungas population studied at the Karisoke Research Centre, Rwanda, since 1967. Few comparable data exist on social behavior for western (Gorilla gorilla gorilla; ‘WLGs’ below) and eastern lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri; ‘ELGs’ below), but subspecific differences in dispersal costs are probably small despite ecological variation.
Sex biases in mammalian dispersal
Explanations for why most males disperse, and why most females are philopatric, in most mammals, invoke multiple factors (Greenwood, 1980; Dobson, 1982; Moore & Ali, 1984; Dobson & Jones, 1986; Johnson, 1986; Pusey & Packer, 1987).
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